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Anthropology

The Criminal Record Complex: Risk, Race, and the Struggle for Work in America

How a convergence of policy, law, and profit drives the use of criminal background checks in hiring

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Published:
Nov 11, 2025
Copyright:
2025
Illus:
17 b/w illus.
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Most employers in the United States routinely conduct criminal background checks on job applicants, weeding out those with criminal convictions鈥攁nd thus denying opportunities to those who need them most. In this powerful analysis, Melissa Burch sheds light on one of the most significant forces of social and economic marginalization of our time鈥攄iscrimination on the basis of criminal records. Chronicling the daily interactions of hiring managers, workforce development professionals, and job-seekers with felony convictions in Southern California, Burch shows that this discrimination is not simply a matter of employer bias. Hiring is shaped by a set of institutions, organizations, and industries that promote the erroneous idea that people with criminal records are dangerous to employ. This 鈥渃riminal record complex,鈥� as Burch names it, encourages exclusion and undermines employers鈥� common-sense ways of assessing candidates. In vivid and intimate detail, Burch reveals both the futility and devastating human consequences of discriminatory policies.

Burch places today鈥檚 routine practice of background screening within racialized notions of risk originating in early capitalist development, tracing how, over decades, criminal background checks became a convenient catch-all, leveraged by entities with a direct interest in growing the practice. Despite this reach, however, Burch discovers that small business owners tend to put less value on background checks, trusting their own judgment. Approaching the issue from both personal and policy perspectives, The Criminal Record Complex upends what we thought we knew about the causes of criminal record discrimination. It suggests that our best hope for creating safe workplaces lies not in the false promise of background screening, but in building the kinds of economies and communities that support true safety.