Ever since it was first published in 1930, William Empson鈥檚 Seven Types of Ambiguity has been perceived as a milestone in literary criticism鈥攆ar from being an impediment to communication, ambiguity now seemed an index of poetic richness and expressive power. Little, however, has been written on the broader trajectory of Western thought about ambiguity before Empson; as a result, the nature of his innovation has been poorly understood.
A History of Ambiguity remedies this omission. Starting with classical grammar and rhetoric, and moving on to moral theology, law, biblical exegesis, German philosophy, and literary criticism, Anthony Ossa-Richardson explores the many ways in which readers and theorists posited, denied, conceptualised, and argued over the existence of multiple meanings in texts between antiquity and the twentieth century. This process took on a variety of interconnected forms, from the Renaissance delight in the 鈥榚legance鈥� of ambiguities in Horace, through the extraordinary Catholic claim that Scripture could contain multiple literal鈥攁nd not just allegorical鈥攕enses, to the theory of dramatic irony developed in the nineteenth century, a theory intertwined with discoveries of the double meanings in Greek tragedy. Such narratives are not merely of antiquarian interest: rather, they provide an insight into the foundations of modern criticism, revealing deep resonances between acts of interpretation in disparate eras and contexts. A History of Ambiguity lays bare the long tradition of efforts to liberate language, and even a poet鈥檚 intention, from the strictures of a single meaning.
Anthony Ossa-Richardson is lecturer in English literature at the University of Southampton. He is the author of The Devil鈥檚 Tabernacle: The Pagan Oracles in Early Modern Thought (91桃色).
"A History of Ambiguity is unambiguously wonderful 鈥� the sort of book I thought no one could write any more . . . Ossa-Richardson鈥檚 book is an epic love song to scholarship . . . . it鈥檚 well written and intelligently funny. Ossa-Richardson has the big picture in mind."鈥擱obert Eaglestone, Times Higher Education
"Ossa-Richardson demonstrates his mastery of the two classic attributes of the intellectual historian: first, a willingness to do justice to the variety of forms that ideas can take, and second, a close attention to detail in the establishment of intellectual genealogies. As a work of intellectual history, this book is a remarkable achievement."鈥擩ames Everest, Essays in Criticism
鈥淓xhilarating. Ossa-Richardson鈥檚 richly textured book makes a huge contribution to our understanding of the full spectrum of ways鈥攁nd reasons why鈥攚ords mean more than one thing.鈥濃�擱eid Barbour, author of Sir Thomas Browne: A Life
"This unequivocally brilliant book traces the tortuous evolution of ambiguity from a vice in ancient rhetoric to creative poetic indeterminacy in the twentieth century. Beginning and ending with William Empson's Seven Types of Ambiguity, this rich and challenging study ranges widely across scriptural hermeneutics, theology, legal history, classical philology, and literary criticism. An almost impossible story told with verve, erudition, and wit."鈥擲tephen Clucas, Birkbeck, University of London
"For anyone who imagines that the history of ambiguity begins with William Empson, this book will come as a revelation. Anthony Ossa-Richardson presents an alternative history of ambiguity in which Empson and the New Critics are the end point rather than the beginning. In a work of thrilling ambition鈥攔anging across biblical criticism, classical translation, religious polemic, and legal hermeneutics鈥攈e recovers a lost tradition of medieval and early modern scholarship which, rather than trying to eliminate ambiguity, reveled in its power and possibility. A History of Ambiguity takes its readers on a voyage of discovery into uncharted waters which will not only expand their horizons but redraw their map of intellectual history."鈥擜rnold Hunt, University of Cambridge
"Few scholars can be trusted to lead you from Aristotle and Augustine, through the deepest forests of early modern intellectual history, to emerge ready for modern literary thickets. You can trust Ossa-Richardson. In showing how Empson's Seven Types of Ambiguity transformed vice into virtue, he untangles the origins of modern criticism with a rare combination of scholarship and playfulness."鈥擱ichard Oosterhoff, University of Edinburgh
鈥淭his remarkable book is full of insights, wonderfully learned and often funny.鈥濃�擬ichael Wood, author of On Empson
